Born in Florence in 1784, Bezzuoli received his formal training at the Accademia di Belle Arti under the instruction of Jean-Baptiste Frédéric Desmarais and Pietro Benvenuti. He established his reputation through his mastery of historical and mythological subjects, eventually succeeding his teacher Benvenuti as the professor of painting at the Accademia, where he influenced a generation of Italian artists.

His work is characterized by a fluid, painterly style that bridged the gap between the rigid structures of Neoclassicism and the emotional intensity of the Romantic movement. He was particularly noted for his large-scale historical compositions and portraiture, which often featured dramatic lighting and complex, multi-figure arrangements.

Bezzuoli remains recognized for his contributions to the development of 19th-century Italian academic painting. His legacy is preserved through his extensive body of work held in various Italian public collections and his historical role in shaping the curriculum and aesthetic standards of the Florentine academy.