Born in Troppau, Austria-Hungary, Olbrich studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. He gained early professional recognition as a key collaborator with Otto Wagner, eventually becoming a central figure in the formation of the Vienna Secession in 1897.

His architectural practice is defined by the Secessionist style, characterized by geometric forms, ornamental facades, and a synthesis of fine and applied arts. He is perhaps best known for designing the Secession Building in Vienna, which serves as an iconic example of the movement's aesthetic philosophy.

Olbrich's historical influence continues to be recognized in contemporary institutional collaborations, such as the 2026 joint exhibition between the Wiener Secession and Den Frie Udstilling, which explores the legacy of the late 19th-century alternative art movements he helped establish.