Born in Saint-Gilles-du-Gard, France, Subleyras trained under his father before moving to Paris, where he won the Prix de Rome in 1727. He subsequently relocated to Italy, where he spent the remainder of his career, establishing himself as a significant figure in the Roman art scene.

His body of work includes large-scale religious paintings, such as his celebrated altarpieces for Saint Peter's Basilica, as well as intimate portraits and genre scenes. His style is characterized by a refined sense of color and a balanced, intellectual approach to composition that anticipated the Neoclassical movement.

Subleyras remains a subject of art historical study for his influence on the development of 18th-century European painting and his successful integration into the Italian artistic establishment. His works are held in major museum collections worldwide, documenting his technical mastery and stylistic evolution.